Domestic dwelling fire

Include all incident actions

Incident information

Identify number and last known position (LKP) of any occupants in need of rescue or assistance to evacuate
Consider using thermal imaging equipment for scanning when carrying out a scene survey
Identify the location of the fire, materials involved and any potential for flashover or backdraught
Consider the stability, construction type, size, age and maintained condition of the building
Identify utilities, including renewable energy supplies and locate isolation points
Consider the occupancy, use and contents of the property involved
Identify security features that may compromise safe access to and egress from the scene of operations
Continually monitor and assess the fire development for signs and symptoms of escalation
All incident information:
Gather information from available sources to gain accurate situational awareness and understanding
Question the responsible person, other responders and witnesses to understand incident factors and history
Confirm and communicate the involvement, number and severity of any casualties (persons or animals)
Ensure that a scene survey is carried out at the earliest opportunity
Access any operational or site specific risk information (SSRI) and confirm accuracy
Debrief personnel that have withdrawn from a working area during an incident to gain operational intelligence and safety-related information
Maintain situational awareness and identify changes during the incident through active monitoring and regular briefings
Further incident information
- Consider potential causes of fire e.g. deliberate or accidental ignition and illegal activities
- Assess the status of compartmentation, fire doors, means of escape and protected shafts
- Consider the original use of the building and any subsequent structural or cosmetic alterations
- Identify the location of basements, chimneys, voids, ducting, cavities and concealed areas
- Identify the presence and effectiveness of fixed installations and where appropriate, take control of their operation
- All incident information:
- Use local knowledge to aid navigation to an incident
- Ensure that tracks and pathways are suitable for fire service vehicles
- Consider the least damaging routes to incidents and where possible, stay on marked paths and tracks
- Consider Step 1-2-3 Plus: Safety Triggers for Emergency Personnel
- Access past, present and future weather information from sources such as the Met Office
- Establish the availability of pre-arranged evacuation strategies and policies
- Consider pollution prevention information contained within site specific risk plans
- Seek advice from landowners and other bodies on susceptible areas of the environment
- Review situational awareness following an emergency evacuation or tactical withdrawal

Resource information

Request sufficient and appropriate additional resources
Request medical support for any casualties and safety of incident responders if required
Consider requesting aerial or special appliances to reduce risk and demand on resources
Secure sufficient firefighting media to enable the fire to be fully extinguished
Confirm that required agencies have been requested or notified (e.g. Police, Ambulance, environmental agencies)
All incident information:
Request sufficient and appropriate additional resources
Consider requesting appropriate specialist advice
Consider requesting specialist resources from own or neighbouring fire and rescue services, or partner agencies
Inform and/or seek advice from environment agencies and/or sewage undertakers where necessary
Consider whether operational resources can be released from the incident
Regularly update the fire control room on the availability status of operational resources
Further resource information
- Identify a secondary water supply in case of increased demand or failure
- Request support for people affected by the incident, from the local authority, partner agencies or police family liaison officers
- Consider requesting advice on structural integrity from local authority building control teams or USAR Tac Ad
- All incident information:
- Identify the safest access route, rendezvous points (RVPs) and marshalling areas, and communicate to all responders and the fire control room
- Consider requesting appropriate facilities for the welfare of personnel
- Consider the availability of pollution control equipment and/or pollution containment facilities on site
- Make use of specialist fire and rescue service or on-site environmental protection equipment
- Consider the appointment of a HMA (or equivalent) to oversee environmental protection activities
- Request the attendance of the police and the utility supplier if illegal activity involving utility systems is identified or suspected

Risk information

Fire and thermal radiation
- Position vehicles anticipating fire development, thermal radiation, collapse, smoke and other hazards
- Consider whether a breach of the compartment would spread fire to another room, floor, area or building
- Use the appropriate extinguishing method, media, techniques and equipment
- Put in place covering and/or safety jets according to identified risks
- Ensure that Firefighting PPE is worn in accordance with service risk assessment, procedures and training
Smoke and fire gases
- Consider the effects of wind and ventilation on smoke and fire gases when positioning firefighting personnel
- Consider using tactical ventilation to improve conditions and maintain access and egress routes
- Consider the impact of smoke plume on downwind life risk, road users and other transport networks
- Ensure that all personnel wear the type of RPE identified by service risk assessments, procedures and training
Flashover, backdraught and fire gas ignition
- Where backdraught conditions are suspected, apply media and ventilate before interior deployment
- Where flashover conditions are suspected, consider direct firefighting techniques
- Consider employing a combination of direct firefighting and gas cooling to control conditions
- Consider the isolation or containment of the fire compartment
- Brief crews to carry out self-protection, door entry and compartment firefighting techniques
Uncontrolled ventilation
- Consider using appropriate ventilation techniques for any products of combustion
- Monitor the effect of wind and ventilation on the fire development, smoke and fire gases
- Consider the flow path of smoke and fire gases and the potential for fire spread
- Put covering jets in place prior to the creation of exhaust vents, where possible
- Consider leaving unopened doors closed to prevent the unnecessary spread of smoke and fire gas
Live utilities
- Isolate utilities that may impact fire development and secure against reconnection
- Consider isolating the power supplies, considering the impact on any critical systems
- Identify any sources of renewable energy generation such as photovoltaic panels or wind power
- Ensure that PPE is worn in accordance with service risk assessment for live utilities
Unstable structure
- Assess and continuously monitor the structure for signs of collapse
- Evaluate and monitor the potential footprint of collapse and debris
- Consider the impact of the fire or firefighting on structural elements and structural frames
- Consider the effects of the fire’s duration and intensity and firefighting activity on structural materials
- Consider requesting advice on structural integrity from local authority building control teams or USAR Tac Ad
- Consider the structural stability of the building before deploying personnel for internal firefighting
Cables
- Identify and communicate the presence of lightweight conduit, trunking and cable fixings
- Identify loose cables and consider using alternative access and egress routes or defensive tactics
- Consider securing or carrying out a a controlled release of cables
- Ensure that cable cutting equipment is available at incidents where cables may cause entanglement
Preventable damage
- Use the minimum extinguishing media required considering the appropriate weight of attack
- Close doors to prevent smoke and fire gas travel whilst maintaining access, egress and ventilation
- Move valuable items to an appropriate place of safety in liaison with the responsible person
- Consider protecting fragile objects from falling debris
- Consider completing an inventory of all items removed to a safe location
Hazardous materials
- Identify any hazardous materials signage and other indicators as part of scene survey
- Identify whether the incident should be reclassified as a hazardous materials response
All incident information:
Working environment
- Identify bodies of water, unstable ground and risks of falling from height in working environment
- Consider the effect of weather conditions and time of day on the working environment
- Ensure that all personnel are briefed on the current hazards, risks, control measures and tactical mode
- Implement measures to maintain access and egress during the incident
- Establish, identify and communicate safe traffic routes, establish clear zones and equipment points
- Provide lighting to illuminate hazards to personnel in poorly lit environments
- Ensure that personnel have access to the appropriate PPE
Weather conditions
- Monitor personnel for signs and symptoms of fatigue, dehydration, heat or cold stress
- Consider task rotation when personnel are carrying out manual handling tasks
- Manage their working environment and workload to mitigate the effects of stress and fatigue, and to optimise their personal resilience
- Instigate appropriate medical interventions if personnel show signs and symptoms of physiological stress
Noise
- Consider isolating sources of noise
- Keep the number of people exposed to the hazard at a minimum and reduce time of exposure through task rotation
- Ensure personnel wear appropriate hearing protectors
Heavy and bulky objects
- Consider using machinery or other equipment to assist with manual handling
- Request additional or specialist resources to assist with manual handling tasks
- Consider the task, individual capabilities, load and environment (TILE) when carrying out risk assessments for manual handling
- Ensure personnel adopt the provided safe system of manual handling
Moving vehicles
- Be vigilant and co-operate with service procedures relating to vehicle movements
- Position appliances to fend-off vehicles and use warning signs, lights and cones
- Apply safety measures to minimise the risk of collisions
Animals
- Avoid, contain or control animals if necessary
- Request support with managing animals from owners, keepers, police, vets or welfare organisations
Hazardous materials
- Identify whether the incident should be reclassified as a hazardous materials response
- Remove unaffected chemicals from the hazard area if safe to do so
- Comply with service protocols when handling substances that are hazardous to health
- Ensure personnel cover open wounds, cuts and grazes with a waterproof dressing prior to operational activity
- Comply with hygiene arrangements and do not eat, drink, smoke or vape
Body fluids
- Avoid contact with body fluids where possible
- Isolate or cover body fluids following casualty removal
- Wear body fluid gloves and cover broken skin with waterproof dressing
- Instigate decontamination procedures following exposure of personnel and equipment to body fluids
Distressing or traumatic scenes
- Minimise number of personnel exposed to traumatic scenes where possible
- Consider seeking the assistance of other agencies when dealing with traumatic incidents
- Erect screens to restrict the view of traumatic scenes
Violence and aggression
- Consider adopting defensive tactics if people are displaying unpredictable, aggressive, violent or illegal behaviour
- Request police support at incidents involving violence and aggression towards crews

Powers, policies and procedures

Enter premises or a place, by force if necessary, without the consent of the owner or occupier of the premises:
- If they reasonably believe an emergency to have occurred
- If they reasonably believe a fire to have broken out or to be about to break out
- For the purpose of extinguishing or preventing the fire or protecting life or property
- NB Does not apply to Crown property (including ministry of defence) and diplomatic or consular premises
- NB The Master of the ship (or delegated officer) of a merchant vessel must give permission to board
All incident information:
Consider the legal exemptions in relation to environmental protection i.e.
- A discharge is made in an emergency to avoid danger to human health
- All reasonably practicable steps were taken to minimise pollution
- The relevant environment agency is informed of the incident as soon as possible
Enter premises or a place, by force if necessary, without the consent of the owner or occupier of the premises:
- If they reasonably believe an emergency to have occurred
- If they reasonably believe a fire to have broken out or to be about to break out
- For the purpose of extinguishing or preventing the fire or protecting life or property
- NB Does not apply to Crown property (including ministry of defence) and diplomatic or consular premises
- NB The Master of the ship (or delegated officer) of a merchant vessel must give permission to board
Restrict the access of persons to premises or a place if they reasonably believe an emergency to have occurred
Further powers, policies and procedures
- Request a water undertaker to provide a supply and pressure of water greater than otherwise available
- Enter into an agreement to secure the use of water under the control of a person
- All incident information:
- Close a highway, stop and regulate traffic:
  - if a road traffic accident has occurred
  - for the purpose of rescuing people or protecting them from serious harm
  - if they reasonably believe a fire to have broken out or to be about to break out
  - for the purpose of extinguishing or preventing the fire or protecting life or property
- Consider applying operational discretion where the benefit of taking unusual, unorthodox or innovative action justifies the risk
- Outcomes which would justify applying operational discretion include:
  - Saving human life
  - Taking decisive action to prevent an incident escalating
  - Incidents where taking no action may lead others to put themselves in danger
- Return to operational procedures when the objective has been achieved

Why?

Expectations?

Benefit vs Risk?

Objectives

Maintain the safety of all personnel, other responders and the public
Save life and reduce harm
Extinguish the fire and eliminate all ignition sources
All incident information:
Maintain the safety of all personnel, other responders and the public
Save life and reduce harm
Minimise the impact of the incident and fire service actions on any identified environmental risk
Promote community recovery and restore normal operations
Further objectives
- Promote community recovery and restore normal operations
- Minimise the impact of the incident and fire service actions on any identified environmental risk
- All incident information:
- Consider the JESIP principles at all incidents involving multi-agency operations
- Consider taking action to prevent a serious escalation of the incident
- Protect Critical National Infrastructure and/or local critical infrastructure

Tactical priorities

Carry out any rescues or lifesaving actions
Consider taking action to prevent a serious escalation of the incident
Develop and communicate a firefighting plan and ventilation strategy to all personnel
Put safety jets in place to protect firefighting teams and maintain safe access and egress
Establish emergency arrangements appropriate to the type, size and complexity of the incident
Consider the need for damage control and salvage operations
All incident information:
Carry out a dynamic risk assessment, identify hazards, evaluate risk and implement safe systems of work
Declare the tactical mode and communicate to personnel at the incident ground and in the fire control room
Carry out and formally record analytical risk assessments at suitable intervals
Establish emergency arrangements appropriate to the type, size and complexity of the incident
Further tactical priorities
- Develop and communicate an incident plan to relevant personnel, including the fire control room
- Identify all possible ignition sources and eliminate them as far as is possible
- Ensure that good scene preservation and practices are adopted at all stages of an incident
- Consider moving physical evidence to a safe place, away from the effects of the fire or firefighting
- All incident information:
- Apply the firefighter safety maxim and safe person principles at incidents
- Identify and communicate the hazard area and establish a safe working area as soon as is practicable
- Use situational awareness to anticipate the likely development of the incident and evaluate the potential consequences of a range of actions
- Develop and communicate an incident plan to relevant personnel, including the fire control room
- Consider the competence of individuals and teams when allocating tasks
- Regularly review and update incident plan in response to active monitoring of the situation against expected outcomes
- Review the tactical mode following active monitoring and briefings with sector commanders
- Periodically review the analytical risk assessment using situational awareness from active monitoring
- Apply the joint decision model process to ensure effective joint decision-making at multi-agency incident
- Identify the need to evacuate and develop a strategy in liaison with partner agencies
- Establish an appropriate muster point and communicate its location to all personnel, and other responders if present
- Secure the scene to ensure evidence is preserved for internal and external investigations
- Carry out an environmental risk assessment and monitor the impact of tactics on the identified risk

Operational tactics

Gain access to the fire, compartments and voids using safest and simplest method
Consider the appropriate speed of intervention to limit fire development
Select an appropriate firefighting method (i.e. cooling, smothering, starving, interrupting)
Select appropriate firefighting media (e.g. water, foam, dry powder, CO₂)
Select an appropriate firefighting technique (e.g. direct firefighting, firebreaks, controlled burn)
Select appropriate firefighting equipment (e.g. extinguisher, hose reel, main jet, cutting extinguisher)
Consider adjoining areas when mitigating damage due to fire, smoke and extinguishing media
All incident information:
Gain access to premises causing minimal damage considering the urgency of the situation
Establish and resource a casualty care point
Determine whether people should be advised to evacuate, shelter in place or 'stay put'
When evacuation is necessary, identify the number of people affected and develop a plan
Further operational tactics
- Monitor the effect of the media on the fire to ensure that the anticipated outcome is achieved
- Consider using fixed, aerial appliance mounted or portable monitors to release personnel and minimise risk
- Ensure all areas above, below and adjacent to the fire compartment are checked for potential fire spread
- Consider compartment boundary cooling using appropriate and effective fire-fighting media
- Consider creating a firebreak to prevent firespread, considering the time required to implement
- All incident information:
- Consider the potential effects of incident development when positioning appliances
- Identify the number of casualties requiring medical attention and instigate a triage process
- Instigate and communicate hygiene arrangements, facilities and consider decontamination
- Implement an appropriate protection plan when an identified nature conservation site is at risk

Communication

Ensure that crews are briefed on all firefighting activities and provide regular updates on progress
Establish communications to coordinate internal and external firefighting operations
Inform all personnel and other responders which utilities have been isolated and if any remain operative
Inform all personnel of known or likely areas of interest for fire or criminal investigation, so that these can be avoided
All incident information:
Establish and maintain an incident ground communication plan considering other agencies and remote resources
Establish and maintain contact with the rail infrastructure controller or Rail Incident Officer (RIO)
Brief crews that are moving around the rail infrastructure on Personal Track Safety guidelines
Further communication
- Ensure all personnel are informed of any intended tactics regarding the fixed installation systems
- All incident information:
- Identify the safest access route, rendezvous points (RVPs) and marshalling areas, and communicate to all responders and the fire control room
- Communicate any change in the tactical mode of a sector of the incident to personnel at the incident ground and in the fire control room
- Communicate objectives, priorities and tactics to be adopted in resolving the incident
- Deliver clear, concise and timely briefings to crews, command support functions and other agencies
- Ensure all personnel are aware of the incident command structure and communication strategy
- Establish a media liaison point and brief a nominated media liaison officer
- Use plain English to communicate information where a lack of common understanding exists
- Regularly pass information to fire control regarding incident progress
- Establish an appropriate muster point and communicate its location to all personnel, and other responders if present
- Ensure that all appropriate environmental agencies are informed of the incident when required
- Use the most effective methods for communicating with people who are either directly or indirectly involved in the incident

Control

Ensure that appropriate inner and outer cordons are established and communicated following an assessment of risk to all people present
Implement exclusion zones if intolerable risks to safety are identified
Evaluate and monitor the potential footprint of collapse and debris
All incident information:
Form their command structure in accordance with the priorities and demands of an incident
Ensure that appropriate inner and outer cordons are established and communicated following an assessment of risk to all people present
Control access to the inner cordon using methods proportionate to the type, size and complexity of the incident
Appoint competent safety officers to monitor specific hazards or activities
Instigate a tactical withdrawal of personnel when the mode changes from offensive to defensive
Further control information
- Record and time stamp the decision to isolate utilities in the analytical risk assessment and decision log
- Note issues relating to cordons or physical evidence in the decision log
- All incident information:
- Be prepared to adopt a leadership role at multi-agency incidents
- Establish a scene access control point to log all people operating within the inner cordon when appropriate
- Consider the use of command support systems and equipment where required
- Monitor the performance of personnel and where necessary modify plans to available competences
- Record the details of the transfer of command; this should be done at the incident ground and in the fire control room
- Instigate a safety sector at large or complex incidents under the control of a safety sector commander
- Implement exclusion zones if intolerable risks to safety are identified
- Request police assistance to establish a traffic cordon or air exclusion zone if necessary
- Request an air exclusion zone through the appropriate authority if required
- Maintain effective command and control in an emergency situation
- Carry out a roll call of personnel at the scene following an emergency evacuation of responders

Incident closure and handover

Identify the area of origin and investigate possible causes of the fire considering criminal acts
Hand over responsibility for removed items and security of premises to the responsible person or the police
All incident information:
Ensure that effective supervision of operational activity is maintained until the conclusion of the incident
Instigate and co-operate with post incident investigations where necessary
Ensure that hazards, potential hazards and control measures are identified when handing over responsibility for health and safety to the responsible person
Consider taking appropriate steps to secure premises or vehicles after access or entry has been gained by force
Conduct a structured debrief at a level appropriate to the size of the incident
Consider community recovery protocols and arrange appropriate assistance prior to leaving the incident
Further incident closure and handover
- Secure the scene to ensure evidence is preserved for internal and external investigations
- Record statements from relevant people as soon as practicable
- Delegate collection of physical evidence to a police crime scene investigator or fire service investigator
- Notify investigators if personnel have recently attended similar incidents, which could result in cross-contamination of an investigation scene
- Avoid movement of dials, valves and controls or record original position for investigation purposes
- Access and secure CCTV footage for subsequent investigations and debriefs
- All incident information:
- Consider whether operational resources can be released from the incident
- Conduct an inventory check and record any defects or deficiencies
- Consider decontamination of personnel, PPE and equipment prior to redeployment
- Consider the condition and serviceability of PPE when assessing operational readiness for redeployment
- Secure the scene to ensure evidence is preserved for internal and external investigations
- Gather relevant information for the incident recording system
- Conduct a structured debrief at a level appropriate to the size of the incident
- Record and share significant findings from incident debriefs
- When appropriate instigate a review of existing guidance following the use of operational discretion
- Ensure differences in information are resolved and systems updated following the closure of an incident
- Compile and secure all incident command paperwork (e.g. analytical risk assessment and decision logs)
- Ensure that waste products created by the fire and rescue service are disposed of legally and responsibly
- Follow service protocols for reporting concerns about the mental or physical well-being of themselves or other individuals

Additional information

Thatch Fires
- Identify if wire mesh could become live due to contact with electricity
- Identify if roof is close boarded or over fire resisting boarding (e.g. Dorset Model)
- Identify if sparge pipes fitted to premises and factor into incident plan
- Consider requesting or using lances to penetrate thatch

Domestic dwelling fire

Incident information

Further incident information

Resource information

Further resource information

Risk information

Fire and thermal radiation

Smoke and fire gases

Flashover, backdraught and fire gas ignition

Uncontrolled ventilation

Live utilities

Unstable structure

Cables

Preventable damage

Hazardous materials

Working environment

Weather conditions

Noise

Heavy and bulky objects

Moving vehicles

Animals

Hazardous materials

Body fluids

Distressing or traumatic scenes

Violence and aggression

Powers, policies and procedures

Further powers, policies and procedures

Objectives

Further objectives

Tactical priorities

Further tactical priorities

Operational tactics

Further operational tactics

Communication

Further communication

Control

Further control information

Incident closure and handover

Further incident closure and handover

Additional information

Thatch Fires