Flammables

Include all incident actions

Incident information

Approach hazardous material incidents at slow speed from upwind and higher-level ground where possible
When approaching the incident use visual and other incident indicators to inform situational awareness
Use weather information systems to identify impact of wind, rain and temperature on the incident
Gather incident information from a suitable safe distance based on hazard assessment
Identify clear avoidance routes to the scene of operations and confirm them to all personnel
Observe individuals for signs of exposure or contamination and check for consistency against identification
Adopt 'STEP 1-2-3+: Safety Triggers for Emergency Personnel'
Consider the potential for secondary devices and share any intelligence with other responder agencies
Recognise indicators that hazardous materials may be present in unexpected places (e.g. Drug labs, IEDs, ICE)
All incident information:
Gather information from available sources to gain accurate situational awareness and understanding
Question the responsible person, other responders and witnesses to understand incident factors and history
Confirm and communicate the involvement, number and severity of any casualties (persons or animals)
Ensure that a scene survey is carried out at the earliest opportunity
Refer to the SSRI for the aerodrome
Debrief crews that have withdrawn from a working area during an incident to gain operational intelligence
Maintain situational awareness and identify changes during the incident through active monitoring and regular briefings
Further incident information
- Refer to the SSRI for the aerodrome
- Access any available emergency response plan and implement appropriate predetermined actions
- Identify and contact the responsible person to understand incident factors and history
- Adopt a cautious approach to situational awareness where there are no immediate threats to life
- Set up improvised wind monitoring devices to indicate current and changing conditions
- Consider deliberate reconnaissance based on a joint understanding of risk
- Use waterproof chemical/substance information boards to retrieve information from the scene
- All incident information:
- Use local knowledge, topography and map reading skills to aid navigation to an incident
- Ensure that tracks and pathways are suitable for fire service vehicles
- Consider the least damaging routes to incidents and where possible, stay on marked paths and tracks
- Consider Step 1-2-3 Plus: Safety Triggers for Emergency Personnel
- Access past, present and future weather information from sources such as the Met Office
- Ascertain the availability of pre-arranged evacuation strategies and policies
- Consider pollution prevention information contained within site specific risk plans
- Seek advice from landowners and other bodies on susceptible areas of the environment
- Review situational awareness following an emergency evacuation or tactical withdrawal

Resource information

Consider requesting the attendance of hazardous materials adviser (HMA)
Request appropriate specialist resources and equipment for hazardous material incidents
Consider requesting the attendance of a competent person, subject matter expert or tactical adviser
Consider requesting specialist resources for detection, identification and monitoring (DIM)
All incident information:
Request sufficient resources to implement initial actions, the incident plan and support contingency plan
Consider requesting the attendance of a competent person, subject matter expert or tactical adviser
Consider resources that may be available from neighbouring fire and rescue services and partner agencies
Inform and/or seek advice from environment agencies and/or sewage undertakers where necessary
Consider whether appliances, personnel, equipment and other resources can be released from the incident
Regularly update fire control on the availability status of appliances and other resources
Further resource information
- Position response vehicles outside any potential fireball and blast zone when cylinders are involved in fire
- Use specialist advisers to carry out hazard specific assessments and interpret information and advice
- Request the appropriate emergency response for a confirmed or suspected CBRN or CBRN(e) event
- Identify best access route, rendezvous point (RVP) and marshalling area and communicate to all responders
- Consider the availability of pollution control equipment and/or pollution containment facilities on site
- Consider requesting a drone to assist with informing accurate situational awareness
- All incident information:
- Identify best access route, rendezvous point (RVP) and marshalling area and communicate to all responders
- Consider requesting facilities for the welfare of crews deployed at protracted incidents
- Consider the availability of pollution control equipment and/or pollution containment facilities on site
- Make use of specialist fire and rescue service or on-site environmental protection equipment
- Consider the appointment of a HMA (or equivalent) to oversee environmental protection activities

Risk information

People
- Determine whether people should be advised to evacuate, shelter in place or 'stay put'
- Identify the evacuation strategy and potential routes from SSRI, responsible person and building plans
- Consider occupants that need assistance to evacuate (e.g. disabilities, medical needs, refuge areas)
- Consider methods of communication to inform occupants of the evacuation strategy
Release or spill of hazardous material
- Use signs, labels, markings, container types and detection equipment to identify substance
- Assess the construction, condition and stressors acting on the ineffective containment systems
- Identify the presence and effectiveness of secondary and tertiary containment (e.g. bund)
- Use incident indicators and container volume to estimate the quantity of material involved
- Ensure that all personnel wear the level of PPE identified by service risk assessments, procedures and training
Flammable vapours
- Use signs, labels, markings and container types to identify the presence of flammable vapours
- Use atmospheric monitoring equipment to identify concentrations and extent of hazard area
- Consider the effect of buoyancy, weather and environment on the spread of the vapour cloud
- Identify all possible ignition sources and eliminate them as far as is possible
- Identify all possible methods of isolating the release (e.g. remote isolation or emergency shutdown)
- Dilute and disperse flammable vapours (e.g. using water sprays)
- Cool surrounding structures, areas and hazards to mitigate the risk of fire spread
- Assess the risk from unignited flammable vapours before extinguishing and consider controlled burn
- Consider the risk of a vapour cloud explosion (See explosives and cylinder scenario)
- Use only ATEX approved equipment in flammable or explosive atmospheres
Flammable liquids
- Use signs, labels, markings and container types to identify the presence of flammable liquids
- Identify all possible methods of isolating the release (e.g. remote isolation or emergency shutdown)
- Attempt to contain the release or spill of a hazardous material using a Source – Pathway - Receptor model
- Remove or reduce any heat sources affecting flammable liquids to reduce vaporisation
- Select appropriate firefighting media (e.g. water, foam, dry powder, CO₂)
- Dilute and disperse flammable vapours (e.g. using water sprays)
- Avoid introducing liquids to sub-zero temperature flammable liquids
- Establish exclusion zones, inner and outer cordons based on level of risk from a boil-over or slop-over
Flammable solids
- Use signs, labels, markings and container types to identify the presence of flammable solids
- Identify all possible ignition sources and eliminate them as far as is possible
- Monitor the effect of the media on the fire to ensure that the anticipated outcome is achieved
- Select appropriate firefighting media (e.g. water, foam, dry powder, CO₂)
Oxidising materials
- Use signs, labels, markings and container types to identify the presence of oxidising materials
- Where Organic Peroxides are present implement appropriate levels of risk control
- Assess the potential for intensification of fire or explosion from oxidising materials
- Monitor oxidising materials for signs of decomposition and heat
- Separate any oxidising material from exposure to heat and fuel sources
- Identify if the oxidising material or mixture involved in an incident is water-reactive
- Where oxidising materials are involved in fire, assess the potential for intensification of fire or explosion
- Carry out firefighting from a safe location using structural protection and/or ground monitors
Cryogenic materials
- Use signs, labels, markings and container types to identify the presence of cryogenic materials
- Consider using appropriate monitoring equipment for cryogenic materials
- Attempt to contain the spill or release of any cryogenic substances as close to the source as possible
- Consider dispersing cryogenic gases using water sprays
- Avoid water and other extinguishing media entering any cryogenic containment system
- Consider covering the cryogenic liquid pool (e.g. using a tarpaulin or foam)
- Identify triggers for a potential rapid expansion of cryogenic liquid
- Ensure that substances which may be reactive with cryogenic materials are kept separated
- Identify the presence of on-site gloves and other PPE for protection against cryogenic materials
- Liaise with on-site personnel to ensure all processes that were supported by the cryogenic material are stopped, where it is safe to do so
Oxygen enriched atmospheres
- Use atmospheric monitoring equipment to identify concentrations and extent of hazard area
- Identify areas at the incident that may have oxygen-enriched atmospheres
- Identify all possible ignition sources and eliminate them as far as is possible
- Identify potentially combustible materials that will be affected by an oxygen-enriched atmosphere
- Use only ATEX approved equipment when crews enter any potentially flammable atmosphere
All incident information:
Working environment
- Identify bodies of water, unstable ground and risks of falling from height in working environment
- Consider the effect of weather conditions and time of day on the working environment
- Ensure that all personnel are briefed on the current hazards, risks, control measures and tactical mode
- Establish and maintain safe means of access to and egress from scene of operations at all times
- Establish, identify and communicate safe traffic routes, establish clear zones and equipment points
- Provide lighting to illuminate hazards to personnel in poorly lit environments
- Ensure that all personnel wear the level of PPE identified by service risk assessments, procedures and training
Weather conditions
- Monitor personnel for signs and symptoms of fatigue, dehydration, heat or cold stress
- Consider task rotation when personnel are carrying out manual handling tasks
- Consider relief and welfare arrangements to reduce the effects of stress and fatigue on themselves and others
- Instigate appropriate medical interventions if personnel show signs and symptoms of physiological stress
Noise
- Consider isolating sources of noise
- Keep the number of people exposed to the hazard at a minimum and reduce time of exposure through personnel rotation
- Ensure personnel wear appropriate hearing protectors
Heavy and bulky objects
- Consider using machinery or other equipment to assist with manual handling risk
- Request additional or specialist resources to assist with manual handling tasks
- Consider the task, individual capabilities, load and environment (TILE) when carrying out risk assessments for manual handling
- Ensure personnel adopt the provided safe system of manual handling
Moving vehicles
- Be vigilant and co-operate with service procedures relating to vehicle movements
- Position appliances to fend-off vehicles and use warning signs, lights and cones
- Consider taking steps to minimise the risk of collisions
Animals
- Avoid, contain or control animals if necessary
- Request support with managing animals from owners, keepers, police, vets or welfare organisations
Hazardous materials
- Identify whether the incident should be reclassified as a hazardous materials response
- Remove unaffected chemicals from the hazard area if safe to do so
- Comply with service protocols when handling substances that are hazardous to health
- Ensure open wounds, cuts and grazes are covered by a waterproof dressing
- Comply with hygiene arrangements and do not eat, drink, smoke or vape
Body fluids
- Avoid contact with body fluids where possible
- Isolate or cover body fluids following casualty removal
- Wear body fluid gloves and cover broken skin with waterproof dressing
- Instigate decontamination procedures following exposure of personnel and equipment to body fluids
Distressing or traumatic scenes
- Minimise number of personnel exposed to traumatic scenes where possible
- Handover responsibility for traumatic incidents to an appropriate agency where the fire service does not have primacy
- Erect screens to restrict the view of traumatic scenes
Violence and aggression
- Consider adopting defensive tactics if people are displaying unpredictable, aggressive, violent or illegal behaviour
- Request police support at incidents involving violence and aggression towards crews

Powers, policies and procedures

Restrict the access of persons to premises or a place if they reasonably believe an emergency to have occurred
All incident information:
Consider the legal exemptions in relation to environmental protection i.e.
- A discharge is made in an emergency to avoid danger to human health
- All reasonably practicable steps were taken to minimise pollution
- The relevant environment agency is informed of the incident as soon as possible
Enter premises or a place, by force if necessary, without the consent of the owner or occupier of the premises:
- if they reasonably believe an emergency to have occurred
- if they reasonably believe a fire to have broken out or to be about to break out
- for the purpose of extinguishing or preventing the fire or protecting life or property
- NB Does not apply to Crown property (including ministry of defence) and diplomatic or consular premises
- NB The Master of the ship (or delegated officer) of a merchant vessel must give permission to board
Restrict the access of persons to premises or a place if they reasonably believe an emergency to have occurred
Further powers, policies and procedures
- Consider the legal exemptions in relation to environmental protection i.e.
  - A discharge is made in an emergency to avoid danger to human health
  - All reasonably practicable steps were taken to minimise pollution
  - The relevant environment agency is informed of the incident as soon as possible
- All incident information:
- Close a highway, stop and regulate traffic:
  - if a road traffic accident has occurred
  - for the purpose of rescuing people or protecting them from serious harm
  - if they reasonably believe a fire to have broken out or to be about to break out
  - for the purpose of extinguishing or preventing the fire or protecting life or property
- Consider applying operational discretion where outcomes would justify unusual, unorthodox or innovative action
- Outcomes which would justify applying operational discretion include:
  - Saving human life
  - Taking decisive action to prevent an incident escalating
  - Incidents where taking no action may lead others to put themselves in danger
- Return to operational procedures when the objective has been achieved

Why?

Expectations?

Benefit vs Risk?

Objectives

Maintain the safety of all personnel, other responders and the public
Save life and reduce harm
Minimise the impact of the incident and fire service actions on any identified environmental risk
All incident information:
Maintain the safety of all personnel, other responders and the public
Save life and reduce harm
Minimise the impact of the incident and fire service actions on any identified environmental risk
Promote community recovery and restore normal operations
Further objectives
- Promote community recovery and restore normal operations
- Preserve the scene for future investigations
- All incident information:
- Consider the JESIP principles at all incidents involving multi-agency operations
- Consider taking action to prevent a serious escalation of the incident
- Protect Critical National Infrastructure and/or local critical infrastructure

Tactical priorities

Assess the need to conduct immediate life-saving actions at incidents involving hazardous materials
Identify the number of casualties requiring medical attention and instigate a triage process
Consider firefighter decontamination arrangements prior to committing personnel to the hot zone
Use specialist advisers to carry out hazard specific assessments and interpret information and advice
Ensure all personnel wear PPE according to service risk assessment and procedures for HazMat incidents
Provide arrangements for medical aftercare for anyone exposed to hazardous materials (see Control measure - Provide a health monitoring system for all personnel)
All incident information:
Carry out a dynamic risk assessment, identify hazards, evaluate risk and implement safe systems of work
Declare the tactical mode and communicate to all personnel and fire control
Instigate the completion of an analytical risk assessment and record significant findings
Establish emergency arrangements appropriate to the size and complexity of the incident
Further tactical priorities
- Consider a shelter-in-place strategy based on the number of people already exposed or potentially at risk
- Obtain advice from the hazardous materials adviser (HMA) on the size of any downwind protection zone
- Predict the likely hazard area using observation or modelling in liaison with specialist advisors
- Assess the impact of hazardous materials on people, animals, infrastructure and the environment
- All incident information:
- Apply the firefighter safety maxim and safe person principles at operational incidents
- Identify and communicate the hazard area and establish a safe working area as soon as is practicable
- Anticipate the likely development of the incident and evaluate the potential consequences of a range of actions
- Develop and communicate an incident plan considering contingencies arrangements
- Consider the competence of individuals and teams when allocating tasks
- Regularly review and update incident plan in response to active monitoring of against expected outcomes
- Review the tactical mode following active monitoring and briefings with sector commanders
- Periodically review the analytical risk assessment using situational awareness from active monitoring
- Use the Joint Decision Model to co-ordinate an effective response at multi-agency incidents
- Identify the need to evacuate and develop a strategy in liaison with partner agencies
- Communicate emergency evacuation signal and muster point arrangements to all personnel
- Secure the scene to ensure evidence is preserved for internal and external investigations
- Carry out an environmental risk assessment and monitor the impact of tactics on the identified risk

Operational tactics

Commit crews to perform rescues based on the hazard assessment and joint understanding of risk (JUR)
Attempt to contain the release or spill of a hazardous material using a Source – Pathway - Receptor model
Consider dilution at incidents involving a release or spill of hazardous materials based on specialist advice
Consider joint working in hazard areas based on joint understanding of risk
Select appropriate firefighting media (e.g. water, foam, dry powder, CO₂)
Consider a controlled burn strategy and communicate this to personnel and relevant authorities
Consider positioning firefighting jets to prevent fire spread using branch holders and ground monitors
All incident information:
Gain access to premises causing minimal damage considering the urgency of the situation
Establish and resource a casualty care point
Determine whether people should be advised to evacuate, shelter in place or 'stay put'
When evacuation is necessary, identify the number of people affected and develop a plan
Further operational tactics
- Implement service procedures for dealing with hazardous waste post incident
- Identify the nature and extent of casualty burns and communicate this to medical support teams
- Ensure sufficient resources are in place prior to commencing any foam attack
- Consider using dry powder extinguishers to extinguish the fire at the source of the leak
- Consider using fine water spray to cool flammable liquid fire where necessary
- All incident information:
- Consider the potential effects of incident development when positioning appliances
- Identify the number of casualties requiring medical attention and instigate a triage process
- Instigate and communicate hygiene arrangements, facilities and consider decontamination
- Implement an appropriate protection plan when an identified nature conservation site is at risk

Communication

Share situational awareness and establish a joint understanding of risk with other agencies
Use only ATEX approved equipment when crews enter any potentially flammable atmosphere
All incident information:
Establish and maintain an incident ground communication plan considering other agencies and remote resources
Ensure that all personnel are briefed on the current hazards, risks, control measures and tactical mode
Communicate the incident situation to other responders via fire control using the M\ETHANE message protocol
Provide a structured brief when handing over and taking over command
Communicate findings of analytical risk assessment to all personnel and other agencies
Further communication
- Use the most effective methods for communicating with people who are either directly or indirectly involved in the incident
- Ensure effective liaison and communication with off-site commanders and co-ordination centres
- Inform sewerage undertakers if discharge is to foul the water sewerage system
- All incident information:
- Identify best access route, rendezvous point (RVP) and marshalling area and communicate to all responders
- Communicate any change in the tactical mode of a sector of the incident to all personnel
- Communicate objectives, priorities and tactics to be adopted in resolving the incident
- Deliver clear, concise and timely briefings to crews, command support functions and other agencies
- Ensure all personnel are aware of the incident command structure and communication strategy
- Establish a media liaison point and brief a nominated media liaison officer
- Use plain English to communicate information where a lack of common understanding exists
- Regularly pass information to fire control regarding incident progress
- Communicate emergency evacuation signal and muster point arrangements to all personnel
- Ensure that all appropriate environmental agencies are informed of the incident when required
- Use the most effective methods for communicating with people who are either directly or indirectly involved in the incident

Control

Consult specialist advisers to assist with modelling potential hazard areas
Ensure that appropriate inner and outer cordons are established, identified and communicated following an assessment of risk to crews, other agencies and the public
Make a record of the hazardous materials assessment and incorporate into analytical risk assessment
Predict any likely protection zone based on specialist advice, observation or modelling
All incident information:
Establish an incident command structure appropriate to the likely size and complexity of the incident
Ensure that appropriate inner and outer cordons are established, identified and communicated following an assessment of risk to crews, other agencies and the public
Control access to the inner cordon using methods proportionate to the size and complexity of the incident
Appoint competent safety officers to monitor specific hazards or activities
Instigate a tactical withdrawal of personnel when the mode changes from offensive to defensive
Further control
- Enforce hygiene measures and ensure personnel don't eat, drink, smoke or vape except in appropriate areas
- Log decisions including the outcome of joint understanding, priorities and multi-agency response plan
- All incident information:
- Be prepared to adopt a leadership role at multi-agency incidents
- Establish a scene access control point to log all persons operating within the inner cordon when appropriate
- Consider the use of command support systems and equipment where required
- Monitor the performance of personnel and where necessary modify plans to available competencies
- Keep contemporaneous records and/or decision logs to capture key events, critical decisions and rationale
- Instigate a safety sector at large or complex incidents under the control of a safety sector commander
- Implement exclusion zones where intolerable risks to safety are identified
- Request the police to establish a traffic cordon where necessary
- Request an air exclusion zone through the appropriate authority if required
- Maintain effective command and control in an emergency situation and review incident priorities, tactics and resources
- Carry out a roll call of fire service and all other personnel at the scene following an emergency evacuation

Incident closure and handover

Ensure that hazards and risk controls are identified when handing over safety to the responsible person
Implement service procedures for dealing with hazardous waste post incident
All incident information:
Ensure that effective supervision of operational activity is maintained until the conclusion of the incident
Instigate and co-operate with post incident investigations where necessary
Ensure that hazards and risk controls are identified when handing over safety to the responsible person
Take measures to secure premises where no responsible person can be identified
Conduct a structured debrief at a level appropriate to the size of the incident
Consider community recovery protocols and arrange appropriate assistance prior to leaving the incident
Further incident and closure information
- Consider decontamination of personnel, PPE and equipment prior to redeployment
- Hand over responsibility for any waste produced at the incident to a responsible person or party
- Ensure that all records related to the exposure or potential exposure are completed as soon as possible
- Follow service protocols for post incident health surveillance and monitoring
- All incident information:
- Consider whether appliances, personnel, equipment and other resources can be released from the incident
- Conduct an inventory check and ensure equipment receives appropriate after use inspection and testing
- Consider decontamination of personnel, PPE and equipment prior to redeployment
- Consider the condition and serviceability of PPE when assessing operational readiness for redeployment
- Secure the scene to ensure evidence is preserved for internal and external investigations
- Gather relevant information for the incident recording system
- Conduct a structured debrief at a level appropriate to the size of the incident
- Record and share significant findings from incident debriefs
- When appropriate instigate a review of existing guidance following the use of operational discretion
- Ensure differences in information are resolved and systems updated following the closure of an incident
- Compile and secure all incident command paperwork (e.g. analytical risk assessment and decision logs)
- Ensure that waste products created by the fire and rescue service are disposed of legally and responsibly
- Follow service protocols for post incident health surveillance and monitoring

Flammables

Incident information

Further incident information

Resource information

Further resource information

Risk information

People

Release or spill of hazardous material

Flammable vapours

Flammable liquids

Flammable solids

Oxidising materials

Cryogenic materials

Oxygen enriched atmospheres

Working environment

Weather conditions

Noise

Heavy and bulky objects

Moving vehicles

Animals

Hazardous materials

Body fluids

Distressing or traumatic scenes

Violence and aggression

Powers, policies and procedures

Further powers, policies and procedures

Objectives

Further objectives

Tactical priorities

Further tactical priorities

Operational tactics

Further operational tactics

Communication

Further communication

Control

Further control

Incident closure and handover

Further incident and closure information

Additional information