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Aeration Organic pollutants, such as milk and sewage, remove oxygen from bodies of water. Environmental agencies and specialist contractors can use aeration units or chemical methods to raise...

The ambulance on-scene commander will direct and co-ordinate the casualty management plan (CMP) to deliver life-saving care. As non-ambulance emergency responders will have varying levels of...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Foundation for environmental protection - Pollution control hierarchy and equipment   If practical and safe to do, and unless there...

Property damage caused by flooding can be significant. Short-term cleaning up costs can be high, and water can cause longer term cosmetic damage, warp timbers, cause degradation of structural...

Post-incident health monitoring may help to identify personnel exposed to infectious diseases. Some infectious diseases can have extended incubation periods; this should be considered when...

One of the main reasons fire and rescue services attend incidents is to reduce or prevent harm to people. As well as the risk of direct harm from the hazards of the incident, there is a potential...

Fires in combustible materials, such as those found in bulk at storage or waste sites, can create large volumes of polluting smoke. Fires can spread, be very deep-seated and burn for a prolonged...

If controlled burning is being used as part of the tactical plan for a fire-related incident, the short-term and long-term environmental impacts on air, land and water quality should be considered....

Non-ionising radiation does not cause changes to the molecular structure of living tissue, as opposed to ionising radiation, such as gamma and X-rays, that does have this effect. However,...

A below ground structure is either partially or fully under the ground, or under another type of covering, such as concrete. Incidents in these types of structures may present significant hazards...

This guidance focuses on tunnels under construction, along with the refurbishment of existing tunnels. The information may be relevant to disused or decommissioned tunnels. Fire and rescue...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Evacuation and shelter   Consideration should be given to the evacuation of potentially large numbers of people from the...

There are many reasons why fire and rescue service personnel, equipment and vehicles may need to go near, on or in floodwater. This includes: The need to go through a flooded area to attend...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Effective search management   The search for a missing person inland, including during a flood, is the responsibility of the...

Floodwater may need to be pumped out to prevent or reduce damage to properties and infrastructure. Pumping water may be achieved using fire and rescue service equipment, including: ...

Terrorist attacks, including marauding terrorist attacks (MTA), can be fast-moving, violent incidents where attackers aim to find and kill or injure as many people as possible. Attacks may be...

JESIP principles The response to all multi-agency incidents should be based on the JESIP principles; these are essential as the foundation for responding to a terrorist attack. The exact...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon control: Explosives   Dependent upon credible information or intelligence, commanders may need to consider the presence...

The ambulance service will approve the casualty management plan (CMP) to save lives. A CMP, which may initially be basic in nature, should be developed before the deployment of responders. As...