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‘Evacuation’ is the immediate and urgent movement of people away from a threatened or existing hazard. The response of people to emergencies can vary from inaction to panic; a key factor in...

To prevent access, egress and escape routes becoming compromised, compartmentation and suitable routes for firefighting teams should be identified and secured at the earliest opportunity....

The first phase for mass decontamination (MD) is the controlled evacuation of contaminated casualties, by directing or removing them from the scene of contamination. The removal of...

Once the spread and scale of the incident has been determined, it is important to identify who and what is at risk in that area. Hazardous materials can have an adverse effect on: ...

Maximising the number of emergency responders to deliver mass casualty care aims to save lives. Multi-agency teams may deliver basic clinical care or be tasked with the removal or transfer of...

By adopting a systematic approach to casualty care, for example <C> Ac B C D E, any life-threatening conditions can be rapidly identified and managed. Structured assessment and treatment...

An incident can result in a large number of casualties, which may be referred to as involving mass casualties. Multiple casualties could be the result of events including: Fire-related...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon controls   Initial cordon An initial inner cordon should be temporarily established by the first emergency...

When done effectively disrobing, followed by appropriate decontamination, has been shown to reduce contamination a level below that which is considered harmful. Disrobing should therefore be...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Situational awareness   Understanding a building's design and construction,its performance in a fire and it's occupancy will...

This hazard deals with control measures to prevent exposure and to manage its occurrence. The optimum situation is to avoid the exposure of responders. Exposure occurs when a harmful substance...

Apart from immediate life rescues, hazardous materials incidents possess the ability to affect members of the public not initially involved in the original accident or release. The fact that...

The rescue and recovery of firefighters is challenging. Difficult decisions may need to be made. The situation calls for clear judgement, often while struggling to keep emotions under...

Exposure occurs when a harmful substance enters the body through a route, for example, inhalation, ingestion, absorption or injection, or when the body is irradiated. Where exposure to a...

A comprehensive scene survey may include: Visual indications en route and on arrival A survey of the exterior of the building A survey of the location reported as being involved...

Fire compartmentation is achieved with fire-resisting construction, aimed at preventing or delaying the spread of fire and smoke from one space in a building to another. Occasionally this...

The state of compartmentation in the building should be investigated and consideration given to its protection if it has not been breached by firespread. Building plans, Site-Specific Risk...

External firespread may develop if the fire breaches the external envelope of the building. This may be a result of external window glazing or wall panels failing, or via open windows. External...

Evaluating the likelihood and impact of external firespread requires an appropriate understanding of the building design, construction materials and status of the fire. Site-Specific Risk...

To limit firespread or prevent deterioration of internal conditions, external firefighting tactics and various types of firefighting media may be necessary. The resources required to provide...