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This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cool pressurised gas containers   Cooling phase – Cool with water spray for one hour, using ground monitors and/or lashed...

Liquefied gas containers subjected to heat may fail because of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). This is where the boiling liquid in the container rapidly vaporises and...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Substance identification   Acetylene cylinders may be encountered at domestic garages and many other commercial locations. As...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon controls: Hazardous materials   Combustible dusts may be present in a range of premises including industrial processing...

In addition to generic hazards and controls applicable to all hazardous materials, flammable vapours pose additional specific hazards when uncontained, which should be considered when encountered...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Substance identification   The symbols that may be seen in relation to flammable vapours are: For detailed...

Of all the states of matter, a gas or vapour is by far the most challenging to control when released. The following control measures focus on actions and tactics that can be considered once a...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Fires and firefighting: Select appropriate firefighting media   Unlike most fires, extinguishing an ignited leak of flammable...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Substance identification   The symbols that may be seen in relation to gases under pressure are dependent on the stored gas. The...

Thermal imaging cameras (TIC) and other thermal scanning equipment are devices that form an image using emitted infrared radiation as opposed to normal visible radiation. They gather...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon controls: Hazardous materials   Personnel may encounter cylinders and pressurised gases during incidents where their...

Responders should understand that as cylinders heat up in a fire the pressure inside them increases, direct flame contact will also weaken the cylinder wall. If heat continues to be applied...

The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR) include the definition of a dangerous substance as: ‘any dust, whether in the form of solid particles or fibrous...

For a dust explosion to occur, the dust and air must be within a certain range of concentrations and exposed to an ignition source. Mixtures above or below this range cannot explode. The risk...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon controls: Hazardous materials   An unignited vapour cloud at concentrations above its ‘lower explosive limit’ (LEL)...

Accidental releases of flammable liquids or gases often result in the formation of a cloud of vapour that is denser than the ambient conditions. As the cloud disperses from the source it will...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon controls: Hazardous materials   Once a flammable vapour cloud has ignited, responders have limited options (if any) to...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with External fire protection   The unpredictable energy produced by a fireball or vapour cloud explosion can cause fire to spread...

Uncontrolled flammable liquids pose a significant hazard to responders due to their low flash point (see flash point definition). In addition to posing a threat of fire, most of these materials...

This control measure should be read in conjunction with Cordon controls   Initial cordon An initial inner cordon should be temporarily established by the first emergency...