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On-shore and off-shore pipelines are an economic way of transporting large volumes of hazardous and non-hazardous substances across, into and out of the United Kingdom. Pipelines have long been...

A network of high-pressure oil pipelines used to transport flammable liquids (products) underground has been constructed through most regions of the UK. If a significant breach occurs, between 30,000...

Information An oil refinery may be considered a factory that converts crude oil into a range of useable products. Within this environment, multiple processes will involve a large range of hazards;...

Knowledge and understanding Control measure element Learning outcome Manage the release of flammable vapours Understand: Characteristics of flammable vapours released...

Information LPG is widely used to describe two prominent members of a family of light hydrocarbons called natural gas liquids (NGL): propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). The term 'liquefied gas' may...

Landfill activities involve the development of land so that waste can be deposited in an environmentally safe manner. The waste is usually deposited in separate cells, which are filled with compacted...

Site operators are required by law to protect the environment from the effects of polluting incidents. A pollution incident response plan can help them achieve this by minimising impacts on the...

Fire and rescue service activity for the emergency containment of pollutants on or in a watercourse will be limited by the equipment carried, the size of the water body and the practical skills and...

A wildfire will meet one or more of the following criteria: Involves a geographical area of at least one hectare (10,000 square metres) Has a sustained flame length of more than 1.5 metres ...

​ Packaged goods transport labelling Different regimes are used to placard and label dangerous goods transported in packages. Following classification, the manufacturer or importer will be...

​ Much of the cargo transported by sea may be classed as dangerous. Incidents involving dangerous substances at sea can be divided into two main areas: Incidents off-shore Incidents in...

The bulk storage of hazardous substances presents fire and rescue service personnel with specific problems, which are: Quantities of substances stored Variety of substances being stored ...

Illegal fireworks A proportion of fireworks in the UK may be stored or sold illegally such as: Selling door to door Unlicensed storage sites, which may be encountered at any time, but...